Udruženje inženjera konsultanata Bosne i Hercegovine organizovalo je 03. i 04. februara 2022. godine skup pod nazivom: 2. Simpozij o kvalitetu zraka u gradovima.
Cilj skupa bio je da se na jednom mjestu okupe nosioci znanja iz oblasti upravljanja kvalitetom zraka i predstavnici institucija čiji je zadatak da brinu o ovoj oblasti, kako bi zajedno utvrdili optimalne i moguće aktivnosti za poboljšanje kvaliteta zraka, u kratkoročnom i dugoročnom periodu.
Na Simpoziju su tretirane sljedeće tematske cjeline:
• Sistemi menadžmenta kvaliteta zraka
• Prostorno planiranje sa aspekta kvaliteta zraka
• Kompjutersko modeliranje i simulacija procesa u atmosferi gradova i na velike udaljenosti
• Praćenje emisija i ambijentalnih koncentracija zagađujućih materija i parametara atmosfere
• Mjere za smanjenje emisija zagađujućih materija u industriji, saobraćaju,
zgradarstvu i proizvodnji električne energije
Na skupu su prezentirana 32 referata koje je prepripemilo 156 autora I koautora iz Japana, Mađarske, Hrvatske, Srbije, Slovenije, Nizozemske, Švedske, Švicarske, SAD, Indije, Italije, Njemačke i Bosne i Hercegovine.
Na osnovu izlaganja referenata I rasprava Naučnostručni i Organizacioni odbor usvojili su sljedeće
ZAKLJUČKE
- Prema rezultatima praćenja kvaliteta zraka i dostupnim izvještajima, u mnogim urbanim sredinama u BiH zrak je prekomjerno zagađen. Posebno visoke koncentracije se bilježe tokom zimskih mjeseci kada su povećane emisije, a mehanizmi rasprostiranja zagađujućih materija slabiji. Na većini mjernih lokacija koncentracije čvrstih čestica i sumpor dioksida prelaze granične vrijednosti zagađenosti. U nekim dijelovima koncentracije tokom zimskih mjeseci često prelaze pragove uzbune.
- Glavni uzroci prekomjerne zagađenosti zraka u BiH su emisije iz kućnih ložišta i saobraćaja, a u industrijskim centrima veliki uticaj imaju industrijska postrojenja koja još uvijek nisu primijenila najbolje raspoložive tehnike. Velike emisije iz kućnih ložišta su posljedica velikih potreba energije za grijanje, jer su objekti energijski neefikasni, lošeg kvaliteta korištenih peći i kotlova i lošeg kvaliteta goriva (uglja i ogrijevnog drveta). Osnovni faktori koji utiču na zagađivanje iz saobraćaja su starost vozila, zagušenja, nedovoljna razvijenost javnog prevoza i nemotoriziranog saobraćaja. Uzrok zagađenosti zraka je i neodgovarajuća praksa prostornog uređnja (gustina naseljenosti, lokaciona politika, visina zgrada.
- Veliki dio stanovništva je izložen visokim koncentracijama zagađujućih materija. Prema istraživanju Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije, BiH se nalazi na 5. odnosno 6. mjestu koje dijeli sa Armenijom, po broju umrlih na 100.000 stanovnika, od posljedica izazvanih zagađenim zrakom. U BiH od posljedica izloženosti ambijentalnom zagađenju zraka s PM2.5 svake godine prerano umre oko 3.300 ljudi.Procijenjeni ekonomski troškovikoji su posljedica izloženosti stanovništva zagađenom zraku u BiH se kreću između 1 i 1,8 milijardi američkih dolara, što je 5,1-9,2% bruto domaćeg proizvoda iz 2019. godine.
- Aktivnosti na poboljšanju kvaliteta zraka su pojačane programima i projektima koje provode domaće institucije uz podršku međunarodnih organizacija. Monitoring kvaliteta zraka je poboljšan u zadnjih nekoliko godina u smislu broja stanica, ali mora se dodatno raditi na osiguranju pouzdanosti rezultata mjerenja i bolje informisanosti građana, te korištenje rezultata mjeranja za potrebe prostornog planiranja. U sistem monitoringa je neophodno uvesti i metode modeliranja rasprostiranja zagađujućih materija i jednostavnijih i jeftinijih metoda mjeranja koncentracija zagađujućih materija.
- Postoji značaj broj istraživačkih projekata i visok nivo znanja u oblasti kvaliteta zraka u BiH. Na mnogim fakultetima se izučava ova problematika. Međutim, ne postoji koordinacija istraživačkih projekata. Potrebno je izraditi i usvojiti jasan istraživački program koji će definisati ciljeve, uloge i izvore finansiranja.
- U sistemima menadžmenta kvaliteta zraka osjeća se nedostatak znanja među stručnim radnicima. Nedostatak znanja se osjeća i u profesionalnim organizacijama koje su uključene u poslove osiguranja kvaliteta zraka. Naročito su nedovoljna znanja o savremenim metodama matematskog
modeliranja i kompjuterskog simuliranja procesa u atmosferi gradova.
Nedovoljno se koriste i savremene metode mjerenja parametara atmosfere. - Za efikasno rješavanje pitanja kvaliteta zraka u BiH potrebni su i formalni mehanizmi vertikalne i interresorne koordinacije. Sistem prikupljanja podataka o emisijama u oba entiteta je nedovoljno razvijen. Uz unapređenje sistema prikupljanja podataka o emisijama neophodno je uspostaviti sistem izvještavanja o emisijama i kvalitetu zraka prema međunarodnim institucijama.
Preduslov za ovo je jačanje institucionalnih sposobnosti na svim nivoima. - Mjere za poboljšanje kvaliteta zraka se sve više provode na različitim nivoima, ali još uvijek nedovoljnim intenzitetom, mora se njihova provedba ubrzati, a za to je potrebno da kvalitet zraka bude u vrhu prioriteta svih vlada u BiH i da se politička volja za rješavanjem ovog pitanja pretoči uizradu strateškog okvira od nivoa države do lokalnih zajednica. Izdavajanje budžetskih sredstava za rješavanje problematike mora se povećati, kao i korištenje međunarodne pomoći u ovoj oblasti.
- U toku je izrada Strategije okoliša i akcionog plana BiH (ESAP 2030+) koji uključuje strategije za entitete, Distrikt Brčko i nivo BiH. Naučna i stručna javnost se treba uključiti u njenu izradu
i tako dati doprinos, u ovom kontekstu, posebno tematskoj oblasti kvalitet zraka.
Usvajanje strategije treba da prati i izrada i usvajanje lokalnih planova za kvalitet zraka. - Smanjenje zagađivanja ne znači gubitak radnih mjesta i povećanje troškova.
Upravo suprotno, smanjenje zagađivanja zraka je razvojna šansa za BH privredu.
Poslovi na smanjenju zagađivanja i zagađenosti otvaraju nova radna mjesta,
jačaju konkurentnost i smanjujutroškove korisnika, ali i cijelog društva. - Nedostatak nekih podataka o postojećem stanju kvaliteta zraka ne smije biti izgovor za
izostanak konkretnih mjera za poboljšanje kvaliteta zraka. Prioritet treba dati mjerama
višestruke koristi tj. mjerama koje pored toga sto smanjuju emisije zagađujucih materija, smanjuju troškove za energiju i daju bolji kvalitet življenja, a istovremeno jačaju BH privredu.
Primjeri takvih mjera su energijska efikasnost u zgradarstvu, unapređenje javnog prevoza,
korištenje potencijala obnovljivih izvora energije itd. - Tržište peći i kotlova kao i energenata treba dodatno regulisati s ciljem da se osigura odgovarajući kvalitet. Ložišta treba da odgovaraju tipovima goriva koji će biti korišteni.
- BiH treba proširiti instrumente za upravljanje kvalitetom zraka, pored instrumenata „naredbe i kontrole“. Pored jačanja postojećih propisa za „naredbu i kontrolu“, razni nivoi vlasti treba da razmotre donošenje ekonomskih instrumenata koji se u drugim zemljama efikasnije i efektivnije koriste za smanjenje emisije zagađujućih materija, kao što su porezi, takse, dozvole kojima se može trgovati ili politike cijena. Omogućavanje novih modela poslovanja kao što je pružanje usluga energijom može ubrzati ulaganja u energijski efikasnost u zgradarstvu i industriji.
- Mjere i aktivnosti koje se odnose na smanjenje emisija zagađujućih materija treba vezati za mjere smanjivanja emisije stakleničkih gasova. Na taj način se može obezbijediti veća međunarodna podrška.
- Prilikom izrade strateškog okvira i provedbe mjera za poboljšanje kvaliteta zraka posebnu pažnju treba obratiti na domaćinstva sa niskim prihodima i potrebe različitih društvenih grupa. Neophodno
je predvidjeti mjere koje će ublažiti eventualne negativne posljedice nekih mjera, kao
što je poskupljenje nekih energenata. Na primjer, podsticanje prelaska sa uglja i ogrijevnog drveta na pelet će uticati na rast potražnje za peletom tj. na rast njegove cijene. - Zdravstvo je nedovoljno uključeno u cijeli sistem menadžmenta kvaliteta zraka.Posebno je značajno unaprijediti i koristiti zdravstvene statistike u sistemu menadžmenta kvaliteta zraka.
SECOND SYMPOSIUM ON PLANNING AIR QUALITY IN CITIES – CONCLUSIONS
On 3rd and 4th February 2022 the Association of Consulting Engineers and Consultants of Bosnia and Herzegovina organized a regional (international) symposium titled Second Symposium on Planning Air Quality in Cities.
The goal of this event was to gather at one place knowledge bearers from the field of air quality management and representatives of the institutions whose task is to look after this field in order to jointly determine optimal and possible activities aimed at improving air quality in short- and long-term period. The following theme topics were discussed at the Symposium:
- Air quality management systems
- Spatial planning from the aspect of air quality
- Computer modelling and simulation of atmospheric processes in cities and at long distances
- Observation of emissions and ambient concentration of pollutants and atmospheric parameters
- Measures for reducing emissions of pollutants in industry, traffic, building sector and production of electrical power
There were 32 presentations presented at the said symposium prepared by 156 authors and co-authors from Japan, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the USA, India, Italy, Germany and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Based on the presented papers and discussions the Scientific Expert and Organizational Board has adopted the following
CONCLUSIONS
- According to the results collected from air quality monitoring and other available reports the air is found to be excessively polluted in many urban areas in BiH. Particularly high air pollution concentration is registered in winter months when emissions are increased while mechanisms of dissemination of pollutants are weaker. At the majority of air quality monitoring stations, the concentration of solid particulate matters and sulphur dioxide exceeds air pollution concentration limits. During winter months the concentration of pollutants very often exceeds the alarm threshold concentration in some parts of the country.
- Main causes of excessive air pollution in BiH are generated by emissions from household stoves and traffic, while a big impact upon air quality in industrial centres is inflicted by industrial facilities which have not yet applied the best available techniques and practices. High level of emissions from household stoves is caused by a great demand for heating as some buildings are energy inefficient, while furnaces and boilers used are of poor quality and fuel used for heating (coal and wood for heating) is of poor quality too. Principle factors which trigger air pollution from traffic are old age of vehicles, lack of air circulation, insufficient level of infrastructure development of public transport and non-motorised traffic. Air pollution is caused by inadequate practices by spatial planning sector (residential density, location policy, height of buildings).
- A large majority of population is exposed to the high concentration of pollutants. According to the World Health Organisation research Bosnia and Herzegovina is placed on 5th position, that is 6th position, which is shared with Armenia, regarding the number of deaths per 100, 000 inhabitants caused by air pollution. Due to the consequences of exposure to ambient air pollution containing PM2,5 particulate matters around 3,300 people die prematurely each year in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Estimated economic costs which are caused by the exposure of the population to the polluted air are between 1 and 1,8 billion of American dollars, which is 5,1-9,2% of GDP from 2019.
- Activities aimed at improving air quality are strengthened with programmes and projects implemented by local institutions along with the assistance of international organisations. Air quality monitoring has been improved in last couple of years when it comes to number of monitoring stations, but additional efforts are to be invested in order to ensure credibility of air monitoring results and to inform citizens more efficiently, and to use those results for the needs of spatial planning sector. It is also necessary to integrate modelling methods of dissemination of pollutants into monitoring systems and to also introduce simpler and cheaper methods of monitoring the concentration of air pollutants.
- There is a significant number of research projects carried out and a high level of knowledge in the field of air quality in BiH. This point at issue is thought at many faculties. However, there is no coordination amongst research projects. It is necessary to develop and adopt a clear research programme which will define objectives, roles and sources of financing.
- There is a feeling that experts lack knowledge when it comes to air quality management systems. The lack of knowledge is also felt in professional organisations involved in securing air quality. In particular, there is insufficient knowledge of modern methods of mathematical modelling and computer simulation of atmospheric processes in cities. Also, there is an inadequate use of modern methods of measuring atmospheric parameters.
- In order to efficiently resolve the air quality issue in BiH it is necessary to ensure formal mechanisms of both vertical and intersectoral coordination. The system of data collection on emissions in both entities is insufficiently developed. Along with the improvement of the emissions data collection system it is necessary to establish a system of reporting on emissions and air quality towards international organisations. A prerequisite for this is strengthening of institutional capacities at all levels.
- Measures for improvement of air quality are being implemented more and more at various levels, but still with an inadequate intensity. Their implementation have to be accelerated, and in order to achieve this it is necessary that air quality issue becomes at the top of lists of priorities of all governments in BiH, and that political will for resolution of this issue be transposed into drafting a strategic framework from the state level to the level of local communities as well as the utilization of international aid in this field.
- Environment strategy and action plan of BiH are currently being drafted (ESAP 2030+) including strategies for the entities, the Brcko district and state level of BiH. Experts and scientists should be involved in drafting of this strategy and thus give their contribution to the field of air quality. Adoption of the strategy should be also followed by drafting and adopting local plans for air quality.
- Reduction of air pollution does not mean a loss of jobs and an increase of costs.
Exactly, the contrary. The reduction of air pollution is a developmental opportunity for the economy of BiH. Job vacancies are being created for the work related to the reduction of air pollution and they enhance competitiveness and reduce costs on the part of beneficiaries and the society as whole. - A lack of some data on existing air quality status should not be an excuse for a failure to impose concrete measures to improve air quality. Priority should be given to measures of multiple benefits that is the measures which do not only reduce emissions of pollutants but reduce energy costs and improve the quality of life, and at the same time they strengthen the economy of BiH. Examples of such measures are energy efficiency in construction, improvement of public transport, the use of the potentials of renewable energy sources etc.
- Stoves and central heating boilers market as well as fuels should be additionally regulated with an aim to ensure quality. Stoves used for heating should correspond to the types of fuels which are to be used.
- In addition to the mechanisms related to “order and control” BiH should extend the use thereof meant for air quality management. Besides strengthening of the existing regulations aimed at “ordering and controlling” the authorities at various levels should consider issuance of economic mechanisms which are used more efficiently in other countries for the reduction of emission of pollutants, such as taxes, licences which are tradeable and price policies. Making new business models available such as providing energy services can accelerate investments into energy efficiency in construction and industry.
- Measure and activities which are related to the reduction of emission of pollutants should be linked to the measures aimed at reducing greenhouse emissions. International support on a bigger scale could be gained in this way.
- During the process of drafting the strategic framework and the implementation of measures aimed at improving air quality a special attention needs to be paid to the households with lower income and needs of different social categories. It is necessary to foreseen measures which will alleviate potential consequences of certain measures, such as price increase of some energy sources. For example, encouraging the transition from the use of coal and firewood to wood pellets will have an impact upon demand for pellets and the increase of price of pellets.
- Health care sector is insufficiently involved in the whole air quality management system. It is of particular importance to improve and use medical statistics in the air quality management system.