4. Konferencija o urbanom planiranju i regionalnom razvoju održana je 15. juna 2023. godine u Sarajevu. Konferencija je okupila stručnjake, naučne radnike, međunarodne predavače iz šire regije i Evrope, kao i predstavnike institucija vlasti, sa ciljem analiza dosadašnjih iskustava i budućih izazova u integriranom razvoju gradova. To je bila prilika za uspostavljanje snažnog foruma za svestrani interaktivni razvojni ciklus koji će omogućiti bržu implementaciju evropskih politika za urbano planiranje i regionalni razvoj.
Prezentirana su 22 izabrana referata koje je pripremilo 47 autora i koautora iz Hrvatske, Švicarske, Crne Gore, Srbije, Italije i Bosne i Hercegovine.
Na Konferenciji su tretirane sljedeće tematske cjeline:
- Integrirani pristup održivom urbanom razvoju
- Klimatske promjene i održivo planiranje gradova (Sofijska deklaracija)
- Širenje gradova i kontrola korištenja zemljišta
- Održiva urbana mobilnost
- Održiva urbano-ruralna povezanost
- Zeleni grad
- Nove tehnologije i planiranje
- Nastavni planovi zasnovani na zelenoj gradnji i energisjkoj efikasnosti
- Unutrašnja transformacija grada
ZAKLJUČCI I PREPORUKE
1.
Poznato je da gradovi, odnosno urbana područja predstavljaju ključni element regionalnog razvoja. Cilj je poboljšanje konkurentnost gradova, njihov usmjereni razvoj, stvaranje policentričnog urbanog sistema, kao I jačanje urbano – ruralnih veza. Kako bi se uspješno planirao razvoj gradova i pripadajuće okoline potrebno je razviti sveobuhvatniji pristup kojim se u obzir uzimaju, pored onih na lokalnom nivou, I potrebe na nivou funkcionalne regije. Potrebno je afirmisati saradnju između gradova i njima gravitirajućih funkcionalnih područja, pri čemu se naglašava važnost partnerskog pristupa te integrisanog razvoja i upravljanja urbanim aglomeracijama.
2.
Na nivou aglomeracija treba uspostaviti upravljačka tijela koja koordiniraju i usmjeravaju razvoj cjelokupnog područja. Pomenuta tijela treba da vode računa o potrebama urbane aglomeracije kao jedinstvenog funkcionalnog prostora, ali i o želji za razvojem administrativnih jedinica koje su u njenom sastavu.
3.
Postoji potreba za usklađivanjem i harmonizacijom zakonski novouspostavljenog sistema razvojnog planiranja sa već postojećim i etabliranim sistemom prostornog i urbanističkog planiranja u Bosni i Hercegovini.
4.
Zelena agenda treba da bude sastavni dio zakonodavstva i praksi urbanog planiranja i regionalnog razvoja. Ona treba da bude prilagođena lokalnom kontekstu i da integriše aspekte arhitekture, pejzažne arhitekture i prostornog planiranja.
5.
Potrebno je promovisanje strateškog pristupa održivom urbanom razvoju kao I sprovođenje istraživanja i donošenje odluka na osnovu relevantnih podataka. Takođe je neophodno uključivanje zajednica i podsticanje saradnje zainteresovanih strana u ovom procesu te analiziranje mogućnosti finansiranja projekata. To je moguće ostvariti uz davanje prioriteta komunikaciji, edukaciji i podizanju svijesti te primjeni održivog pristupa u procesu planiranja.
6.
Kroz poboljšanje mreža javnog prevoza, biciklističkih staza i pješačke infrastrukture gradovi mogu povećati kvalitetu zraka i smanjiti emisije stakleničkih plinova, smanjiti saobraćajne gužve i zagađenje bukom, kao i troškove života građana. Poboljšanjem javnog prevoza stanovnici gradova takođe dobivaju i bolji pristup mogućnostima zapošljavanja i obrazovanja te se povećava i nivo njihove socijalne uključenosti.
7.
Važno je podsticati kompaktna razvojna i saobraćajna rješenja kao dio strategije održivog urbanog razvoja. Kompaktni razvoj je praksa stvaranja kompaktnih, povezanih i prohodnih susjedstava koja mogu pružiti jednostavan pristup robi, uslugama i sadržajima, gdje se istovremeno podstiče životni stil koji manje ovisi o automobilu.
8.
Građani i sve zainteresovane strane moraju se staviti u središte planiranja – kako bismo u konačnici dobili grad za ljude, a ne za automobile. Takođe je važno osigurati da koncept održivosti prostora i mobilnosti bude široko prihvaćen među svim zainteresovanim stranama.
9.
Potrebno je graditi nove gradske prostore i ulice kao i redizajnirati postojeće kako bi se doprinijelo povećanoj bezbjednosti i sigurnosti za pješake, korisnike javnog prijevoza i bicikliste.
10.
Neophodno je osnažiti mehanizme kontrole korištenja zemljišta su ključni instrumenti za provođenje planova prostornog uređenja, u prvom redu urbanističkog plana te regulacionih planova, a da bi se spriječilo tzv. “gomilanje građevinskog zemljišta”.
11.
Procesi neadekvatne urbanizacije imaju snažne i nepovratne efekte na funkcionisanje geosistema
kao i na zdravstveno, psihološko i sociološko stanje lokalnog stanovništva.
12.
Korištenjem zelene infrastrukture (zeleni krovovi, zeleni zidovi, propusno popločanje, urbanih vrtovi) smanjuje se oticanje oborinskih voda, poboljšava se kvalitet vazduha i vode, smanjuje se efekat urbanih toplinskih otoka i osiguravaju zelene površine za rekreaciju i opuštanje. U savremenoj urbanističkoj koncepciji, gradski sistem zelenila zauzima značajno mjesto povezujući različite funkcionalne zone u jedinstvenu kompozicionu cjelinu koje su u neprekidnoj i dinamičnoj interakciji sa izgrađenom strukturom grada.
13.
Zelena planerska paradigma obuhvata izradu i donošenje prostornih i urbanističkih planova zasnovanih na ranoj uključenosti građana i sadržajnom zaokretu prema dekarbonizaciji, korištenju obnovljivih izvora energije, uvođenju rješenja zasnovanih na prirodi, renaturalizaciji urbanih središta, kao i na procjeni rizika i rješenjima za zaštitu od klimatskih ekstrema i prirodnih neprilika (poplave, ekstremne oborine, ekstremne suše i sl.).
14.
Korištenjem strategije cirkularne ekonomije: ponovne upotrebe, nadogradnje proizvoda te recikliranja, gradovi mogu umanjiti svoj ukupni uticaj na okoliš.
15.
Potrebno je podržati razvoj svijesti o održivom urbanom razvoju kroz dijalog između građana i gradskih vlasti, lokalnih poduzetnika, istraživačkih centara i drugih zainteresovanih učesnika.
16.
Obrazovanje je ključni faktor kada je u pitanju održivi urbani razvoj. Na obrazovnom nivou potrebno je učenike i studente poučavati o različitim komponentama održivosti – od obnovljivih izvora energije, gospodarenja otpadom i pametne izgradnje gradova, do zelene infrastrukture, urbane otpornosti i klimatskih promjena. Ovo znanje treba uvrstiti u nastavne planove i programe u školama i na fakultetima.
17.
Planska dokumenta koja se odnose na pitanja urbanog planiranja i regionalnog razvoja treba učiniti čitljivijim kako bi se doprlo do svih relevantnih aktera u društvu, počevši od političara, preko javnog i privatnog sektora (koji čine i investitori), do udruženja građana i najzad pojedinaca.
18.
Neophodna je upotreba održivih materijala u građevinarstvu. Ovakvi materijali se izrađuju od izabranih sirovina kao i od otpadnih i recikliranih materijala, čime se obezbjeđuje smanjenje emisije stakleničkih plinova (CO2).
19.
Ulaganjem u pametne inicijative i prakse, gradovi mogu pomoći u smanjenju potrošnje energije, otpada i zagađenja. To takođe donosi ekonomske koristi, kao što su nove poslovne prilike i mogućnosti zapošljavanja.
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4TH CONFERENCE ON URBAN PLANNING AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The 4th Conference on Urban Planning and Regional Development was held in Sarajevo on 15 June 2023. The Conference gathered experts, scientific workers, international lecturers from the wider region and Europe, and government officials, with the goal of analyzing the experiences thus far and future challenges in integrated development of cities. It was an opportunity to establish a strong forum for a versatile and interactive development cycle, which will facilitate faster implementation of European policies for urban planning and regional development.
Presented were 22 papers that had been selected, prepared by 47 authors and coauthors from Croatia, Switzerland, Montenegro, Serbia, Italy, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The following thematic units were discussed at the Conference:
- Integrated approach to sustainable urban development
- Climate change and sustainable planning of cities (the Sofia Declaration)
- Spreading of cities and land use control
- Sustainable urban mobility
- Sustainable urban-rural links
- Green cities
- New technologies and planning (digitalization of cities)
- Curricula based on green building and energy efficiency
- Internal transformation of cities
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1.
It is known that cities – that is, urban areas – are a key element of regional development. The goal is to improve the competitiveness of cities, ensure their streamlined development, and create a polycentric urban system, as well as strengthen the urban-rural links. In order to have successful development planning for cities and their surroundings, it is necessary to develop a more comprehensive approach that, along with the local level, considers the needs at the level of a functional region as well.
2.
It is necessary to affirm cooperation between cities and the functional areas gravitating towards them, stressing the importance of a partnership-based approach, integrated development, and urban agglomeration management.
3.
What needs to be established at the agglomeration level are management bodies that coordinate and guide the development of an entire area. These bodies need to take care of the needs of urban agglomeration as a single area of function, as well as of the desire to develop the administrative units that are an integral part of it.
4.
There is a need to align and harmonize the newly established legal system of development planning with the existing and already established system of spatial and urban planning in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
5.
The Green Agenda needs to be an integral part of legislation, urban planning practices, and regional development. It needs to be adapted to the local context and to incorporate aspects of architecture, landscaping architecture, and spatial planning.
6.
It is necessary to promote a strategic approach to sustainable urban development, as well as to conduct surveys and make decisions based on relevant data. Also necessary is to include the communities and encourage cooperation of interested parties in this process, as well as to analyze the opportunities for funding of projects. This can be achieved by prioritizing communication, education, raising awareness, and application of a sustainable approach in the planning process.
7.
By improving the networks of public transportation, cycling lanes, and pedestrian infrastructure, cities can increase air quality and reduce greenhouse emissions, cut traffic congestion, noise pollution and the cost of living as well. By improving public transportation, residents of cities also gain better access to employment and education opportunities, the level of their social inclusion also being raised.
8.
It is important to encourage compact development and traffic solutions as part of the sustainable urban development strategy. Compact development is the practice of creating compact, interconnected, and walkable neighborhoods, providing easy access to goods, services, and contents, where encouraged at the same time is a lifestyle that depends less on automobiles.
9.
Citizens and all interested parties must be placed at the center of planning – so that we ultimately get a city for the people, not for cars. It is also important to ensure that the concept of space sustainability and mobility is widely accepted among all interested parties.
10.
It is necessary to build new city areas and streets, as well as to redesign the existing ones in order to contribute to increased security and safety for pedestrians, public transport users, and cyclists.
11.
Also needed is to strengthen the mechanisms of land use control, which are key instruments for the implementation of spatial planning, primarily urban planning and regulation plans, in order to prevent the so-called “construction land sprawl.”
12.
Processes of inadequate urbanization have a strong and irreversible effect on the functioning of the geosystem, as well as on the local population’s health, psychological, and sociological condition.
13.
Use of green infrastructure (green roofs, green walls, permeable pavement, urban gardens) reduces stormwater runoff, improves air and water quality, reduces the effect of urban heat islands, and ensures green areas for recreation and relaxation. Under the contemporary urbanist concept, the urban greenery system plays a significant role, linking different zones of function into a single compositional whole, with the zones being in continuous and dynamic interaction with the city’s built infrastructure.
14.
The green planning paradigm comprises drafting and adoption of spatial and urban plans based on early inclusion of citizens and a substantive shift to decarbonization, use of renewable energy sources, introduction of nature-based solutions, renaturalization of urban cores, as well as on risk assessment and solutions to protect from climate extremes and natural disasters (floods, extreme precipitation, extreme droughts, etc.).
15.
By employing the circular economy strategy – reuse, upgrading, and recycling of products – cities can reduce their overall impact on the environment.
16.
Raising awareness about sustainable urban development needs to be supported through dialogue between citizens and city officials, local entrepreneurs, research centers, and other interested parties.
17.
Education is a key factor when it comes to sustainable urban development. At the educational level, it is necessary to teach pupils and students about different sustainability components – from renewable sources of energy, through waste management and building smart cities, to green infrastructure, urban resilience and climate change. This knowledge needs to be incorporated in the curricula in schools and universities.
18.
The planning documents concerning issues of urban planning and regional development need to be made more accessible so as to reach all of the relevant stakeholders in the society, starting from politicians, through public and private sectors (which also include investors), to civic associations and, ultimately, individuals.
19.
It is essential to use sustainable materials in construction. They are made from selected raw materials as well as from waste and recycled materials, which ensures reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (CO2). – By investing in smart initiatives and practices, cities can help to reduce energy consumption, waste, and pollution. This also brings economic benefits such as new business and employment opportunities.
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